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Conflict in Colombia - 1277 Words

Conflict in Colombia Colombia is a Latin American country located in South America that has been ravaged by violence, starvation, and large-scale inequality between higher and lower classes. The chaos in Colombia has been between rebel forces and the government and has lasted for over fifty years. These rebel forces have fought to achieve their Liberalist lead goals of overthrowing the current democratic government of Colombia and replacing it with a communist government. La Violencia was the main contributor to the conflict between the resistance fighters of Colombia and the Colombian government that has brought on violence and terror from the violent actions between the Liberal and Conservative parties in the 1950’s. , which has directly brought on the violence and terror from the guerrilla groups. In the mid 20th century, Colombian politics were dominated by the Liberal and Conservative parties with fierce supporters that carried out the ideological and social differences into violence. Jorge Eliecer Gaitan, a popular leader of the liberal party in Colombia launched social, economic, and political modernising reforms in the 1930’s. Gaitan was in the process of converting Colombia into a left-wing country when he was assassinated right before an upcoming presidential election. Gaitan was the favorite to represent the Liberal Party and was going to implement a more Liberal system in Colombia. The reaction to this assassination produced an uncontrollable clash betweenShow MoreRelatedColombia And The Colombian Armed Conflict931 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Colombia is facing an internal armed conflict for more than six decades. The causes for the Colombian armed conflict can be more than one which include the conflict over land ownership, the existence of marked economic differences, the pursuit of civilians because of their political orientation. It also highlights the persistence of guerrillas with communist orientation and the existence of drug traffickers that have involved their corruption to all levels of the Colombian sociaty.Read MoreU.s. Relations With Colombia1022 Words   |  5 Pages1822, U.S opened up relations with Colombia; with a strategical interest for both nations. The agreements were based in expanding commercial relations and strengthen amity. However, U.S relations with Colombia took a different turn as a result of a new era Colombia’s civil war and drug trafficking . The interest of improve the foreign policy and the security of both countries; In order to maintain the U.S relations with Colombia, an anal ysis of the conflict in Colombia has to be made to protect the URead MoreDrug Trafficking Has Caused The Coffee Industry Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagescaused the coffee industry in Colombia to struggle for many years, though Colombia’s long history with coffee predates that struggle. The coffee plant first reached Colombia sometime in the late 1700s (Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present) and Colombia entered the coffee trade in the 1830s (Wikipedia, Coffee Production in Colombia). The geography of Colombia lends itself well to coffee production. Located in southern South America, Colombia is home to the Andes MountainsRead MoreColombia s Struggle With Domestic Guerilla Groups And Drug Cartels1489 Words   |  6 Pagescartels, Colombia has not had a time of peace since they became independent nearly 200 years ago. None of these conflicts have resolved peacefully. They were usually caused by difference in culture or beliefs. Corruption within their own government has left Colombia without legitimate authority; the citizens have nobody to trust, be helped by, or be defended by. Colombia has the potential to institute a stable and effective government, but it has some major complications holding it back. Colombia hasRead MoreEssay about The Colombian Conflict1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe Colombian conflict is an internal armed war that has been going on for more than half a century, approximately originated in the early 1950’s. It is a war between the government, various parliamentary groups and left-wing guerrillas such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN), for the struggle of political power and economic/social rights. Since its origin, the war has involved multiple agendas of power, drugs, violence and greed. It is aboutRead MoreCultural Domains Of Colombia And Respective United States1097 Words   |  5 PagesON THE REPUBLIC OF COLOMBIA 1. This informative paper will discuss the cultural domains of Colombia and respective United States (US) interests in the country. The enduring civil conflict between the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the Colombian government has created a power struggle that has shaped Colombia’s culture. The Political and Social Relations domain has been in flux for the past fifty years as these actors struggle for control over Colombia. The Economics andRead MoreThe Last Armed Conflict Of The Western Hemisphere1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe last armed conflict in the western hemisphere is coming to an end bringing hope of a peaceful and better world to all of us. This was the message President Santos of Colombia delivered to the general assembly of the United Nations in 2014. The ongoing peace process sits down the government and the FARC with the objective of ending hostilities and negotiating a social reform. The FARC guerrilla was founded almost 50 years ago in a small town south of Colombia where the villagers were tired ofRead MoreA Very Old Man With Enormous Wings1713 Words   |  7 PagesLife in Colombia, is hard. A vibrant and lush country that has unfortunately had to endure the horrors of living in a constant state of civil war. This harsh reality of their country being at war all the time has cultivated strength, perseverance and a belief system uniquely embedded within the Colombian people. You can find this in the famous story A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings written by Colombian legend Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Of course, it is truly no surprise that these traits are notRead MoreGlobal Forces Of Convergence And Globalization1619 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper will focus on Colombia’s reaction to the global forces of convergence and globalization. Colombia is in a state of economic transition as it concurrently addresses its recurrent political and national security issues but also undertaking some new ownership in term s of strengthening itself economically on a global scale. This has led to the country to allow the universalistic and normative management approaches brought on by influences like globalization to look outwardly. First, by lookingRead MoreThe Ongoing Colombian Conflict1583 Words   |  6 PagesCOLOMBIAN CONFLICT Introduction: The Colombian Conflict is a long drawn out, ongoing low-intensity intrastate war between the Colombian goverment, paramilitary troops, crime syndicates and left-wing guerrillas such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN), with the Colombian goverment and the paramilitary troops combatting against the guerrillas. Its origins can be traced back to 1964. Since its inception, tens of thousands of people have been killed

Cystatin C and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Samples for Students

Question: Overview of the topic (connection between CST3, Cystatin C, and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy), and the relevance to patients, medicine and society. Answer: Connection between CST3, Cystatin C, and Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy The cystatin C or trace is a group of proteinase inhibitors and is present in the body fluids of all mammals. In vitro experiments have confirmed cystatin has a capacity of regulating the activity of the cysteine protease (plays important role in intracellular catabolism of peptides and proteins). Cystatin C regulates the activity of cysteine proteases by inhibiting their activity. They are mainly active upon cysteine proteases like cathepsins B, H, K, L and S. Moreover, cystatin C is proteolytically degraded by cathepsin D and elastase. Cathepsins are lysosomal proteases commonly known as housekeeping genes and they vary in their substrate-specificities, structure and biochemical functions. The uncontrolled proteolysis of cystatin C due to imbalance in active proteases and their endogenous inhibitors lead to the generation of several debilitating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, Alzheimer disease (AD), rheumatoid arthritis, ischemia, renal failure, osteoporo sis, inflammatory disease and various other types of cancer (1). Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA) is an autosomal dominat disease. It is a combination of amyloidosis with hereditary cerebral hemorrhage and is commonly known as hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy (HCCAA). In this diseases, the amyloid deposition in the cerebral/ spinal arteries and arterioles leads to the generation of recurrent hemorrhagic strokes generating severe brain damage, leading to fatal stroke. Leu68Gln variant of cystatin C gene is the principal component of the amyloid fibrils. A heterozygous point mutation, in the cystatin C gene is responsible for this CAA autosomal dominant disease. Such heterogeneous point mutation results in a truncated version of the cystatin c gene from the amio terminal domain. The truncated protein is not being recognized by the elastase or a serine protease and this lead ot protein misfolding and subsequent deposition over the cerebral/spinal arteries as amyloid fibrils (2). CST3 is commonly known as human cystatin C gene. It is located in chromosome 20 and its mutation is responsible for hereditary cystatin C amyloid angiopathy (3).Affect of Cystatin C-Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy on patients, medicine and society CAA is regarded as the morphologic hallmarks of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, its presence has been detected in the CT scan of elderly patients who are neurologically healthy. While majorly asymptomatic, CAA may often lead to intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and dementia. Moreover, ICH is the most recognized result of CAA. It has a profuse impact on the society, mostly over the senior citizens and thus impacting the elderly care program. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one the principal technique used for the detection of the CAA (1). Normal Gene Properties Function Human Cystatin C Gene or CST3 is found in mammals. It belongs to a group of proteinase inhibitors and regulate the mode of action of cysteine proteinases by inhibiting their activity (4). Localisation It is located in chromosome number 20 in humans (4). Structure CST3 gene is composed of three exons and two intron sequences. The introns has a sequence of 2252 and 1254 bp respectively. The resulting gene size is 4.3 kb approx. The introns are located in between the nucleotide triplets encoding amino acid residues 55-56 and 93-94 of the mature protein respectively. The respective positions of the introns are identical with cystatin SN and cystatin SA genes. However, the first intron of CST3 is comparatively bigger than the first introns present in the cystatin SN and cystatin SA genes (4). Expression The CST3 is expressed throughout the body fluid and seminal plasma detected the highest concentration of CST3 genes. The body fluid circulated throughout the body and deliver CST3 uniformly. However, the major infiltration is seen in liver, kidney, small intestine, antrum, stomach, lung, placenta and seminal vesicle. There are certain non-tissue specific expression of CST3 and this is attributed to the its 5'-flanking region. It shares identical properties with the promoter domain of 'housekeeping genes. Three cystatin loci namely CST1 (cystatin SN), CST2 (cystatin SA) and CSTP1 (a cystatin pseudogene) together constitute CST3 (5). Regulation The expression of CST3 is increase in the facial nucleus under the influence of the several pathological conditions and majorly in axotomy. Other predominant cell type responsible CST3 expression is microglia and not astrocyte or neuron. The up-regulation of cystatin C by microglia or hyperplasia of microglia to be presice leads to the expression of the CST3. Microglia significantly proliferate in during brain injuries such as axotomy or stab wound and this lead to the overall expression of the CST3 gene. On the other hand, it can also be stated that CST3 controls the turn-over of intracellular cytosolic proteins of microglia (6). Gene Dysfunction Mutation in the amino terminal domain of the CST3 gene results in the protein misfolding during the post translational modification. Such misfolding results in the deposition of the CST protein in the form of amyloid fibrils in the brain and neurons. CST3 is also foun97d being codeposited in the amyloid plaques of Alzheimer's disease or Down's syndrome (7). Animal Model The CST3 gene of mammals shows structural similarity with the Cystatin C gene of the mice. Such animal model has been extensively utilized in research for the study of the disease prognosis. It is used as a disease model for Alzheimers disease, marker for renal function affected by cystatin C and as a cerebral hemorrhage model (8). Cystatin C Protein Normal Protein Function And Role In Human Biology The cystatin C or trace is a group of proteinase inhibitors. It is widely distributed inside the body fluids of all mammals and is ubiquitous in nature. Cystatin C regulates the activity of the cysteine protease, which plays an important role in intracellular catabolism of peptides and proteins. Cystatin C mainly regulates the activity of cysteine proteases via inhibiting their function. They are mainly active upon cysteine proteases like cathepsins B, H, K, L and S. Moreover, cystatin C undergoes proteolytic degradation by cathepsin D and elastase. Cathepsins are lysosomal proteases and are popularly known as housekeeping genes and they differ in their primary structural symmetry, substrate binding specificities and biochemical characteristics. Cystatin C or cystatin C gene to be precise is widely used as a biomarker of normal renal function. It also plays a major role in the onset or in the deterioration of the cardiovascular disease Primary structural properties of Cystatin C Cystatin C belongs to the cystatin superfamily. It interacts reversibly with target peptidases and such interactions is seemingly independent and depends only on the affinity contributions from a wedge-shaped binding region that is constructed with the help of the two loop-forming inhibitor segments and a corresponding binding region corresponding to the N-terminal segment of that particular inhibitor. It is composed of 120-residue of non-glycosylated polypeptide chain. The cystatin C gene exists as a single copy of 5 kb (approx) in the human genome The amino-acid sequences of low-molecular weight in the cystatin family have significant homology with each other. However, the post-translational modification of each family of cystatin gene (alpha, beta and gamma) is different from each other. Such different approach in the post translational modification depends on their localizations and different biological functions (4). Secondary Tertiary And Quaternary Structural Properties Figure: 3D structure of Cystatin protein (Source: 9) The two Cystatin molecules (as displayed in picture A and B) has canonical cystatin fold, (N)b1 ab2L1b3ASb4L2b5(C), with a five-stranded antiparallel b-sheet gripped around a long alpha helix. The appending structure (AS) is broad and irregular. It is positioned at the opposite end of the beta sheet relative to the N-terminus loop L1 loop L2 edge. Such specialized structural symmetry is known as papain-binding epitope. b1 is the one of the shortest elements out of the rest standard five antiparallel beta platted sheet. It comprises of two residues. In both the molecules displayed in the picture, the first 11 residues are completely disordered. The following two AS residues, which differ in each molecule are found to be Proline78-Leucine79 in A and Leucine80-Aspartate81 in B. Some of the disulfide bridges exists in a partially broken form in the tertiary structure (9). Protein Dysfunction and CAA The mutation in the one of the three exons of cystatin protein results in the occurance of the CAA disease. This mutation occurs in the luciene residue causes at 68th position in the gene. Leu68Gln variant of cystatin C gene is the principal component of the amyloid fibrils. A heterozygous point mutation, in the cystatin C gene is responsible for this CAA autosomal dominant disease. Such heterogeneous point mutation results in a truncated version of the cystatin c gene from the amio terminal domain. The truncated protein is not being recognized by the elastase or a serine protease and this lead ot protein misfolding and subsequent deposition over the cerebral/spinal arteries as amyloid fibrils (10). Biomedical Research Of Cystatin C Three cystatin loci namely CST1 (cystatin SN), CST2 (cystatin SA) and CSTP1 (a cystatin pseudogene) together constitute CST3 (5)(11). There are extensive biomedical research that has been carried on Cystatin in order to ascertain the actual reason and the principal stigma behind the prognosis of CAA, a disease prevalent in elderly people. In order to study the effect and the intensity of the mutation and subsequent protein misfolding on the disease prognosis, several animal model, mainly mouse have been designed and studies extensively. Though significant studies have been undertaken in this field, but keeping the complexity of the disease in mind, further through research in the field centering the point specific mutation of CST3 gene and its effects on CAA is required (12) References Carare RO, Hawkes CA, Jeffrey M, Kalaria RN, Weller RO. cerebral amyloid angiopathy, prion angiopathy, CADASIL and the spectrum of protein elimination failure angiopathies (PEFA) in neurodegenerative disease with a focus on therapy. Neuropathology and applied neurobiology. 2013 Oct 1;39(6):593-611. Yamada M, Naiki H. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Progress in molecular biology and translational science. 2012;107:41-78. Lamontagne M, Timens W, Hao K, Boss Y, Laviolette M, Steiling K, Campbell JD, Couture C, Conti M, Sherwood K, Hogg JC. Genetic regulation of gene expression in the lung identifies CST3 and CD22 as potential causal genes for airflow obstruction. Thorax. 2014 Sep 2:thoraxjnl-2014. Turk V, Stoka V, Vasiljeva O, Renko M, Sun T, Turk B, Turk D. Cysteine cathepsins: from structure, function and regulation to new frontiers. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins and Proteomics. 2012 Jan 31;1824(1):68-88. Magister , Kos J. Cystatins in immune system. Journal of Cancer. 2013;4(1):45. Dutta G, Barber DS, Zhang P, Doperalski NJ, Liu B. Involvement of dopaminergic neuronal cystatin C in neuronal injury?induced microglial activation and neurotoxicity. Journal of neurochemistry. 2012 Aug 1;122(4):752-63. Krunic AL, Stone KL, Simpson MA, McGrath JA. Acral peeling skin syndrome resulting from a homozygous nonsense mutation in the CSTA gene encoding cystatin A. Pediatric dermatology. 2013 Sep 1;30(5). Togashi Y, Sakaguchi Y, Miyamoto M, Miyamoto Y. Urinary cystatin C as a biomarker for acute kidney injury and its immunohistochemical localization in kidney in the CDDP-treated rats. Experimental and toxicologic pathology. 2012 Nov 30;64(7):797-805. Kolodziejczyk R, Michalska K, Hernandez?Santoyo A, Wahlbom M, Grubb A, Jaskolski M. Crystal structure of human cystatin C stabilized against amyloid formation. The FEBS journal. 2010 Apr 1;277(7):1726-37. Rajagopalan P, Refsum H, Hua X, Toga AW, Jack CR, Weiner MW, Thompson PM, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Mapping creatinine-and cystatin C-related white matter brain deficits in the elderly. Neurobiology of aging. 2013 Apr 30;34(4):1221-30. Premachandra HK, Wan Q, Elvitigala DA, De Zoysa M, Choi CY, Whang I, Lee J. Genomic characterization and expression profiles upon bacterial infection of a novel cystatin B homologue from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus). Developmental Comparative Immunology. 2012 Dec 31;38(4):495-504. Liu Y, Cai H, Wang Z, Li J, Wang K, Yu Z, Chen G. Induction of autophagy by cystatin C: a potential mechanism for prevention of cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. European journal of medical research. 2013 Jul 1;18(1):21

What Is Environmental Scanning Essay Example

What Is Environmental Scanning? Paper How can environmental scanning be executed and what are the effect of it on and organization. What techniques can I as public relations practitioner use to prepare my company or future scenarios? Crisis management is part of a public relations officer job. An organization wont make it through a crisis without proper guidance and an action plan. What elements go into a crisis management plan? How can I as public relations practitioner steer an organization through a crisis. How can I prepare my organization for any possible scenario? This will allow the organization to evaluate and detect early signs of opportunities and threats that may influence its current and future plans. . 2 Environmental techniques and types My organization of choice is First National Bank (FAN), one of the main banks in South Africa . My following answers is based on this organization: 2. 2. 1 Environmental scanning techniques We can identify two key techniques to perform environmental scanning, namely competitor intelligence and scenarios. Competitor intelligence: It is becoming increasingly more important for organizations to know what your competitors are up to in todays competitive climate. The more a company can find out as to the actions of its competitor, the better their own chances are to prepare and adjust accordingly. With information at our disposal you can easily do research into what another organization is working towards. We see advertisements around us, year-end financial are readily published on organizations websites and newspaper reports are some of the few ways to gain competitor information. FAN reinvented themselves in a way their competitors couldnt. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Environmental Scanning? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Environmental Scanning? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Environmental Scanning? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They scanned the environment of their competitors and came up with such unique product offerings. This Set them apart from the rest Of the banking industry. FAN created an easy way of banking for clients. Scenarios: A scenario is not a specific forecast of the future, but a lassie description of what might happen. Scenarios are like stories built around carefully constructed plots based on trends and events. They assist in the selection of strategies, identification of possible futures, making people aware of uncertainties and opening up the imagination and initiating learning processes. One of the key strengths of the scenario process is its influence on the way of thinking of its participants. FAN is the most innovative bank at the moment. They used various scenarios to illustrate and adapt to their clientele and staff needs. 2. 2. 2 Environmental scanning types An effective environmental scanning program should enable decision makers to understand current and potential changes taking place in the institutions external environments. Scanning provides strategic intelligence useful in determining organizational strategies. There are three different types of environmental scanning namely: Scanning for forecasting Environmental scanning creates the basis upon which forecasts can be done. Scanning brings about information to the foreground from where future scenarios can be created. There are some specific outcomes for which management is likely to see forecasts. This will include future revenues, new genealogical breakthroughs and issues. Revenue forecasting indicates future revenues. The way in which revenue forecasting is conducted is by looking at past revenue figures. This information will be accompanied by various other questions like: A) What revenue patterns has FAN experienced in the past? 3 B) What changes in the economic, social and other factors might affect the pattern in the future? C) What will other banks do? Technological forecasting aims to identify changes in technology and the time in which new technologies are likely to be economically feasible. The world of technology is changing rapidly on a daily basis. This in turn will have an effect of an organizations demand for current products and services. FAN is a clear leader when it comes to keeping banking up to date with the latest technology. They incorporate social media, tablet computers and innovative banking to their forecasting. FAN will use issue forecasting to collect information to determine how its public and the organization will react to future events, trends and crisiss. There are various forecasting techniques namely: A) Trend extrapolation B) Trend impact analysis C) Scan inning D) Monitoring E) Delphi technique uh F) Cross-impact analysis G) Scenario writing H) Computer simulations Technology assessment Scanning for bench marking This type Of scanning searches for the best practices among competitors or non-competitors that lead to their superior performance. The core idea is to learn from other organizations and even implementing methods from other leaders. R-N.B. might be a leader but they are constantly updating their business strategies Scanning for analysis There are a few researchers went above just scanning and created models which included analyzing: Bates found a gap in existing models. He created his MAPping model which introduced the stage of prediction to bridge the gap teen understanding the present environment and developing strategy for the future Anus developed QUEST (quick environmental scanning technique) where executives share their views to determine trends and events Anions designed a model that detects and respond to weak signals in the environment 5 3 CRISIS COMMUNICATION PLAN CRISIS COMMUNICATION PLAN FOR THE SOUTH AFRICAN POST OFFICE Statement of purpose Purpose of the plan The purpose of this crisis communication plan is to ensure that all staff that are responsible for managing a crisis are fully equipped with relevant and factual information, and heir efforts are coordinated to minimize the impact of the crisis. The plan must also ensure all stakeholders are provided accurate information in a timely man near. Policy and philosophy Building upon the South African post Offices core principles, mission and vision. The philosophy is: To continue providing world-class postal services to the nation during times of crises, leveraging our broad reach technological capabilities. The SAPP will remain transparent at all times, communicating with honesty and integrity. Definition of the potential crisis This serves as a crisis communication plan for when the South African Post Office could experience a crisis relating to operational disruptions from its workforce. The predominant effect on the operations of the Post Office will be that it will not be in a position to fulfill its postal delivery obligations. Extended disruption could result in a significant backlog at all collection points across the country. Disruptions would have the most detrimental effect during peak periods of the year, such as Easter and Christmas. There is also a possibility of violence and sabotage by disgruntled workers. 6 A crisis management team First and foremost, it is important to identify the key individuals within the organization who will be part of this core team. Depending on the degree of a crisis, the team will consist of senior employees that are in a position to take important decisions. The team will comprise of the following people: Crisis manager: The Post Office COO holds the function of crisis manager. Their key responsibilities are communication with senior management, and coordination during the corals. Emergency services co-ordination: This functional, fulfilled by the companys head of Facilities, will be the primary contact point and co-ordination of all emergency personnel and law enforcement. A labor relations official: The head of HER will fulfill this function, acting as the liaison between the company and all labor unions. Information officer: The head of Company Secretariat will be the information officer, responsible for documenting the events and to keep the crisis management team up to date. Public Relations officer: This role, fulfilled by the head of Public Relations, will compile and coordinate all communication with the internal and external publics. They advise the crisis manager on the crisis management strategy. Official spokesperson: The hea d of Investor Relations is the official spokesperson during a crisis, expansible for directly handling all media. A legal advisor: The head of Group Legal will provide counsel to the crisis management team to ensure the crises in managed within legal bounds. 7 A staff schedule When crises arise it is standard procedure for the entire workforce to report for duty. It is the role of the plan editor and co-ordination to supply a staff schedule as to make sure who will working at certain times so that there is continuity. The staff schedule should include all important contact numbers of the members forming part of the crisis management team. As the crisis runs its course, the staff schedule should be adjusted accordingly. Emergency contact details: Crisis Manager Tell: Oil 123 4567 Cell: 083 xx xx Emergency service co-ordination Tell: 01 1 987 6543 cell: 082 xx xx Labor Relations officer Tell: 01 1 222 3333 cell: 079 xx xx Information officer Tell: 01 1 765 8888 Cell: 081 xx xx Public Relations officer Tell: 01 1 008 4421 Spokesperson Tell: 01 1 384 5600 Cell: 082 xx xx Legal adviser Crisis control centre The control centre during a crisis will be the Executive Boardroom at the Fragmentation head office. Access will be limited to the crisis management team and designated external advisors. Requisite equipment must e made available in the control centre, namely: Computers with Internet Photocopiers, scanners and printers Telephone lines and telephones Sufficient electrical outlets with backup power for all mobile devices and computers. Television and teleconference system The crisis management and crisis communication plans 8 Media centre The Ground Floor Auditorium will serve as the designated media room during times of crisis. This is where the media can setup their stations, and where all communications with the media will take place. This room will also be the command centre for the public relations team.

Round vs. Around

Round vs. Around Round vs. Around Round vs. Around By Maeve Maddox One of the differences between American and British English is the usage of the words round and around. Americans use around in contexts in which most British speakers prefer round. The word round has five grammatical functions: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and preposition. The fighter was able to go another round. (noun) We watched as the runner rounded first base. (verb) Do you want a round plate or a square one? (adjective) The bridge was out, so we had to go round. (adverb) The tiger ran round the tree. (preposition) Round came into the language as a noun meaning â€Å"a circular object.† At various times, the â€Å"circular object† was a racecourse, a ring, and a coin. In a text from 1325, round is the word used for a diadem encircling the head of a man in a painting. Chaucer used round in the sense of a globe. In Macbeth, Shakespeare used round as a word for a sovereign’s crown. Around was formed from the noun round by adding the prefix a-, a variation of the prefix on-, creating an adverb that meant â€Å"in a circle.† In some contexts, British speakers use round and around interchangeably; for example, either â€Å"He put his arm round her,† or â€Å"He put his arm around her.† Otherwise, according to a note in the British English section of Oxford Dictionaries, there’s a general preference among British speakers to use round for â€Å"definite, specific movement,† and around in contexts that are less definite. For example, She turned round. A bus came round the corner. She wandered around for ages. The computer cost around  £3,000. According to a rumor circulating around the track, he’s using steroids. American usage sometimes reflects British usage by using round, but around is more common. Although the Oxford note says that in most contexts, â€Å"round is generally regarded as informal or non-standard,† I haven’t found anything in Merriam-Webster or the Chicago Manual of Style to indicate that using round the way the British do is â€Å"non-standard† in American usage. It may be old-fashioned, but it is not unknown in American writing: By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard round the world. Ralph Waldo Emerson, â€Å"Concord Hymn,† 1837 I should like if my sisters are well and all the people round the neighborhood. letter from Peter Van Wagener (son of Sojourner Truth), March 22, 1841 The usage is still seen in emails and web comments by American speakers: We live downtown and I take them round the neighborhood, A mother talking about taking children trick or treating in Sacramento, California. One of the latest scams going round is that someone will stop you and ask if you are interested in perfume, email debunked on Snopes.com/. The strange form ‘round crops up in both British and American contexts, but as round is not a shortening of around, and as there’s no law against the American use of round to mean around, the apostrophe makes no sense in either dialect. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)Using the Active Voice to Strengthen Your WritingPreposition Mistakes #3: Two Idioms

How far did the liberals lay the fondations of the welfare s essays

How far did the liberals lay the fondations of the welfare s essays How far did the Liberals lay the foundations of the welfare state? The welfare state was set up in 1945, after the second world by the Labour government. It ensured that people would be looked after from the cradle to the grave. Some historians would argue that the Labour government should not be given all the credit for founding the welfare state but that the Liberals in 1906-1914 had already laid the foundations. In 1906 the Liberals took over government, most of the Liberals still believed in Laissez-Faire but a small group of new Liberals believed the government should carry out more social reform. Two of these new Liberals were David Lloyd George and Winston Spencer Churchill. David Lloyd George was welsh and came from a working class background and because he had experienced poverty first hand he sympathised with the poor and he wanted to help them. Thanks to the surveys that were carried out by Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree the liberal government decided to pass a series of reform acts. The first to help was children as Rowntrees poverty cycle showed that it was mostly children that were suffering, so this was the first area that the Liberals passed reforms in. The first act they passed for children was The School Meals Act 1906. This meant that children got fed breakfast at school so that they could concentrate during the school day and that they were guaranteed to have at least one good meal a day. The second act they bought in was The Medical Inspections 1907. This meant that all children that were going to school had to get medically inspected for such things as height, weight, eyes, ears and teeth. There was one last reform that the Liberals passed for children; this was The Childrens Charter 1908. This act bought in a lot of acts and joined it as one. This reform banned children from doing certain things, for example children under 16 were not allowed ...

SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE GULF, 1979-2003 Essay

SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE GULF, 1979-2003 - Essay Example The may come into an agreement with a certain nation to help fight violence among others. For example, in 1990s, United State government, intervened on a number of occasions for humanitarian reasons; sending troops to the Balkans, northern Iraq, and Somalia to succor refugees, feed the hungry, and otherwise alleviate suffering There are many reasons why countries come together to form multinational coalitions, whether it is meant to be on short term, long term, or upcoming dealings, restoring peace and order is basically the main reason. A long term coalition involves formation of an alliance that is not affected by future changes such as leadership takeover and will always exist as long as cases of uncertainty situations arise. For a multinational coalition to be effective there has to be a certain command chain that is clear to both parties. This is important especially in situations where the nations have to involve the army in their efforts of achieving desired peace and order. Decision making should be done by certain known individuals in order for the forces to move in one specific direction (Kahn 430). It might be objected that the betterment of humanity is not the only reason for alliance formation. Some countries may have hidden agendas in their alliances such as extracting of minerals from the d eveloping countries or attacking a certain specific nation. However, it is only few nations which can form alliances for such selfish reasons. Another factor that can stimulate the multinational coalition to achieve its desired aims is by equitable sharing of responsibilities. Responsibilities may include war resources such as tankers and jets, the required human power and technology. In addition, responsibilities may vary depending with the coalition size. A big coalition makes it considerably difficult to manage and maintain clear effective strategies as compared to smaller coalition. The rules